How to identify rabies in a cat at an early stage, the first signs

How can an animal become infected?

Rabies is a deadly cat disease.
Infection of a pet can occur either after direct contact with a sick animal or by eating an infected rodent.

At the same time, not only stray cats, but also representatives of wild nature are carriers of rabies. Also, the danger of infection comes from mice, birds and rats.

Rabiologists identify 3 methods of transmission of infection:

• Aerosol path. Recent studies have shown that the rabies virus is contained in gas vapors released from the body of an infected dead animal.
• Bite of a sick individual.
• Contact with infected saliva on the mucous membrane or in an open wound.

From the entry of a viral infection into the body to the appearance of the first symptoms, it usually takes from 3 to 14 days.

The misconception that you can “bring” rabies home on your shoes or outerwear

But in practice there are cases when the latent period lasted 2 months.

The rate at which rabies spreads throughout the body depends on:

• method and place of infection;
• the state of the pet's immune system;
• the amount of infection that has entered the body.

Important! It is a misconception that you can “bring” rabies home on your shoes or outerwear. A dangerous virus dies upon contact with the external environment.

Incubation period for rabies in cats

From the moment the virus enters the body until a clear clinical picture appears, a certain time always passes, which is called the incubation (latent) period. Its timing depends on the age of the cat. In adults it can last from three to six weeks, in small kittens it never exceeds 7 days. The duration of the incubation period also depends on the general condition of the animal, the depth, size and area of ​​the bite. For example, with bites to the head, the latent period is significantly reduced.

Rabies symptoms in domestic cats can be quite different. The clinical picture will depend on the form of the pathology.

Forms of the disease, first signs

The main reason why it has not yet been possible to defeat rabies is the impossibility of its early diagnosis.

The disease has 4 forms: abortive, violent, atypical and paralytic.

In addition, its symptoms are similar to those of other ailments. Most often, an accurate diagnosis can be established only after an autopsy of the deceased animal.

Before death occurs, the doctor makes a preliminary conclusion based only on the external signs of the disease.

Features of the silent paralytic form of rabies

The paralytic type of the disease is less common than other forms of the disease.

Be sure to read:

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A characteristic feature of this type of rabies is the mild manifestation of symptoms or their complete absence.

Paralytic rabies is less common than other forms of the disease.

To establish a diagnosis, close observation of the cat is required.

The owner should sound the alarm if the pet has:

• Change in behavior . For example, unaffectionate cats require increased attention, or a curious animal suddenly becomes aloof and does not show attention to anything.
• Profuse salivation . Increased salivation is caused by the rabies virus infecting the muscles of the lower jaw, causing paralysis.
• Immobilization of individual parts of the body . In cats with a silent form of the disease, it is mainly the front or hind legs that fail.
• Constant coughing . Owners often associate coughing attacks with a foreign object getting into the animal’s throat. In fact, persistent coughing is often caused by the rabies virus, which causes paralysis of the laryngeal muscles.

In addition, with the paralytic form of the disease, the animal experiences photophobia and diarrhea. 2–3 days after loss of motor activity, the infected individual dies.

Furious rabies is the most dangerous form

When the disease progresses aggressively, the infected individual experiences:

• Sudden change of mood . The animal becomes aggressive. May attack the owner for no reason.
• Excessive self-care . An infected individual constantly licks its fur.
• Loss of appetite . Many sick animals refuse to eat food and water.
• Digestive disorder . The rabies virus causes vomiting and diarrhea. Often there is a bloody admixture in the contents of the intestines and stomach.
• Neurological abnormalities . An infected cat exhibits tremors in the limbs, constant tilting of the head, and convulsions. The animal's gait becomes unsteady.

3-4 days after infection, other symptoms are added to the first signs of the disease. For example, an infected individual begins to eat things unsuitable for food.

Furious rabies is the most dangerous form

The death of the animal, depending on the strength of the immune system, occurs after 5–7 days from cardiac arrest or exhaustion.

Atypical

This type of rabies is the most difficult to diagnose. Determining the presence of the disease is difficult, since a dangerous illness also manifests itself as an eating disorder.

The only signs of an infectious disease are vomiting and diarrhea with blood clots.

The atypical form of rabies poses a particular danger to humans, since infection occurs not only when interacting with a sick animal, but also when cleaning its toilet.

Be sure to read:

Colds in cats: symptoms and treatment, causes of the disease, how to determine whether it is transmitted to humans

This form of the disease is characterized by a long course of the disease. In this case, the death of the animal after infection occurs only after 40–50 days.

Abortive

This type of rabies is the least studied because it is very rare. The abortive form of the disease is characterized by a sharp recovery of the infected individual.

In terms of symptoms, the disease is similar to the silent form of rabies, but when signs of paralysis appear, the symptoms of the disease suddenly disappear.

However, after 2 weeks the disease may return, and then the disease progresses more rapidly: death occurs in 2–4 days.

Rabies is dangerous!

1. Definition. Brief historical information about the disease

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Rabies is an acute infectious disease of animals and humans caused by a virus that affects the central nervous system and is always fatal. Synonyms: hydrophobia, lat. -rabies, hydrophobia.

Rabies was known to people long before our era and is described in various ancient books. Already in Egyptian papyri, Indian sacred books Vedas, Greek and Roman sources, and then in the Bible, rabies was told about rabies, which is transmitted to people from enraged animals (wild and domestic). The dangers of this disease were written about in the Middle Ages, the Renaissance and later. The first mentions of human disease with hydrophobia in Belarus date back to the beginning of the 19th century, although it is known from ancient chronicles that cases of human rabies were noted earlier on the territory of the republic. Officially, the first case of hydrophobia in a person in the republic was registered in 1923.

Currently, rabies is widespread throughout the world. The only exceptions are Antarctica and the island states of Oceania. In the territory of the Republic of Belarus in recent years there has been a significant increase in the number of animals with rabies.

2. Who can get rabies?

Rabies affects almost all species of terrestrial mammals, primarily carnivores (families canines, felines, mustelids, raccoons, etc.). Wild and domestic birds, rodents, and bats can also get sick. Every year in our country hundreds of cases of the disease are recorded among wild (foxes, raccoon dogs, wolves, etc.) and domestic (dogs, cats, cattle, horses) animals. There have been isolated cases of hydrophobia with fatal outcomes among people.

The source of rabies is a wild animal that became infected in the natural environment, as well as a domestic animal that was attacked by another sick animal (wild or domestic). Humans become infected from sick animals.

3. How does infection occur?

The causative agent of rabies is a specific virus contained in the saliva of a sick animal.
Human infection occurs through a bite and penetration of saliva from a sick animal into the wound. Having penetrated through damaged skin, the rabies virus spreads along the nerve trunks to the brain and spinal cord. This is where the virus multiplies and accumulates mainly. Then it penetrates the salivary glands and is released with saliva into the external environment. The virus appears in saliva 1-7 days before the first clinical signs of the disease. Therefore, you can become infected with rabies through a bite inflicted by an apparently healthy animal. Infection can also occur if saliva gets on the mucous membranes of the eyes, nose, mouth, or damaged skin. Scratches caused by claws are very dangerous: animals often lick their paws, so a sufficient amount of virus remains on the claws for infection. You can also become infected when cutting up the carcass of a sick animal, as this often results in cuts to the fingers. Unusual routes of infection should be mentioned. In recent years, the literature has described isolated cases of human infection through intact skin, by airborne droplets (in laboratory conditions, in a cave with millions of bats), through the placenta during pregnancy, and during organ and tissue transplantation. Cases of infection through the digestive tract have been described, so far only for animals. As for humans, to date there is not a single case of human illness known after consuming meat or milk of sick animals.
This is due to the fact that the rabies virus rarely penetrates the blood and glandular organs.
In addition, the virus is unstable in the external environment; it dies under normal pasteurization regimes, and when boiled, it dies instantly. The most dangerous bites are those caused by rabid wolves, foxes, raccoon dogs and
other wild carnivores and bats. Dog and cat bites are somewhat less dangerous. Cases of human infection after contact with a sick farm animal (cow, horse, goat, sheep, pig) are rare. Poultry, although they can get rabies, are not capable of infecting humans due to the lack of salivary glands. Unlike domestic birds, birds of prey (for example, falcons) can infect humans. However, these birds are very rare in the natural environment and the likelihood of their contact with humans is negligible. The possibility of infection of a person as a result of a bite inflicted by a rodent: rabbit, hare, squirrel, muskrat, rat, hamster, mouse cannot be ruled out. However, no reliable cases of human infection from these animals have been described in the world literature.

4. What damage is considered the most dangerous?

The period from the bite to the onset of the disease (latent or incubation period) averages 30-50 days in humans, although it can last 10-90 days, in rare cases - more than 1 year. Moreover, the further the bite site is from the head, the longer the incubation period. Consequently, taking into account the localization (location) of the damage, bites to the head, face and neck are especially dangerous. The category of severe (dangerous) injuries also includes bites on the fingers, because these parts of the body have many nerve endings. Bites to the forearm, shoulder, and torso are considered less dangerous. The incubation period lasts the longest for a bite on the legs.

6. What should you do if you are bitten by an animal?

The duration of the incubation period (i.e., the period preceding the onset of symptoms of the disease) in animals ranges from a week to several months (sometimes years), but already 5-10 days before the onset of the disease the animal is infectious. A characteristic sign of an animal disease in the first stage should be considered a change in behavior: an angry animal becomes affectionate, unreasonably animated, tries to lick the owner’s face; good - angry, irritable, does not respond to the owner’s call, hides in dark corners. The animal refuses its favorite food, but swallows inedible objects (wood, stones, etc.), and sometimes there is increased sensitivity to light and noise. Body temperature rises slightly. If we talk about wild animals, then for those who are sick, such a change will be the desire to make contact with a person: a healthy wild animal will never voluntarily go to a person and will run away whenever they try to get closer. The initial stage of the disease is replaced by the second stage - the stage of excitation, in which the animal’s irritability increases and aggressiveness occurs. An animal can attack or bite for no apparent reason. Next comes the third, paralytic stage, very characteristic of the appearance of the animal: the fur is tousled, the lower jaw droops, the tongue falls out, saliva flows from the mouth. On the 8-10th day the animal dies.

When talking about the clinical manifestations of rabies in animals, one should dwell in detail on the behavior of sick dogs and cats, because
most often encounter these animals .
Rabies in a dog.

In the initial period, the dog becomes depressed, responds reluctantly to calls, and lies down more.
The appetite is sluggish, indifferent to water (but, as a rule, there is no hydrophobia). It must be emphasized that hydrophobia (fear of water) is not a characteristic sign of rabies in dogs. This is very important, since some people, seeing that a dog is not afraid of water (drinks water, swims across a river, etc.) consider it healthy and, if bitten, scratched or salivated by such a dog, do not take protective measures or seek medical help .
By the end of the 2nd day of illness, anxiety and irritability often appear; the sick dog tries to go to some distant corner (under the porch, bed, etc.). Signs of clouding of consciousness occur, she barks for no reason, her voice becomes hoarse, dull, gasps for air and makes other involuntary movements, which never happens normally. Sometimes, as a result of itching at the site where she was bitten by a rabid animal, she chews on the healed wound. It is typical for the dog to swallow inedible objects: chips, stones, etc. As a result of growing excitement, the dog runs away from home, running up to 50 km a day. Along the way, she silently attacks people and animals. The period of excitement lasts 3-4 days, after which attacks of convulsions and paralysis occur. Dogs die on days 6-8 of illness. It should be remembered that the described picture of rabies in dogs is not always observed. But in any case, the animal’s normal behavior changes dramatically, which should alarm the owners and be the reason for inviting a veterinarian. Attempts to treat a dog that allegedly choked on a bone often resulted in rabies.

Rabies in a cat.

Rabies is more severe in cats than in dogs. The first signs of the disease come suddenly and are expressed by increasing anxiety and agitation. The meowing becomes hoarse, dull, the look (very characteristic!) is frightened, cautious. The cat refuses food and avoids its owners. The next day, the cat becomes aggressive, with particular anger it attacks dogs and humans. Excitation lasts 1-2 days, and then paralysis develops. Death occurs within 2-5 days. A characteristic feature of bites from a sick cat is a spasm of the masticatory muscles, as a result of which, after a bite, such a cat can be extremely difficult to tear away from the wound.

It should be emphasized that in case of any illness in the animal, and especially when symptoms of rabies appear, you should immediately contact the nearest
veterinary station. Under no circumstances should you self-medicate an animal - this is deadly!
6. What should you do if you are bitten by an animal?
It is very important to teach the child (his parents) to properly provide first aid to himself and others in case of a bite.
If a child or adult is bitten, scratched, slobbered by any animal, even an apparently healthy one, much less a neglected or wild one, or if there is a suspicion that it has rabies, you should immediately:

1) intensively wash the wound with soap and water for 10-15 minutes, which will wash away the animal’s saliva. It is recommended to wash deep wounds with a stream of soapy water, for example, using a syringe. There is no need to cauterize wounds.

2) apply a sterile bandage to the wound.

You should be warned about the danger of sucking the wound with your mouth.

After this, you must contact the nearest trauma center or any medical institution (clinic, hospital, medical center) as soon as possible. If possible, it is necessary to collect as much data as possible about the bitten animal (description of the animal, its appearance and behavior, presence of a collar, circumstances of the bite, etc.). If the animal is domestic (dog or cat) and has been vaccinated against rabies, then you must take with you a veterinary certificate confirming the vaccination or a registration certificate with a mark on the vaccination.

7.
What will you do with an animal that has bitten you?
It is very important to indicate that simultaneously with contacting a doctor about a bite, it is necessary to take measures regarding the bitten animal (it must be tied up, isolated) and call a veterinarian for consultation. Appearingly healthy pets (dogs or cats) are subject to veterinary supervision for 10 days from the date of the bite. A sick animal must be euthanized. It is impossible to save him. As the disease progresses, the behavior of such an animal is uncontrollable. It is important to prevent human infection.

8. What measures do you know to prevent rabies in animals?

Should a person, caring for the safety of his life, refuse to communicate with animals? Not a single mechanical toy can replace human communication with a living creature of another species. They give us their love and affection, heal us, make us kinder and more humane. We must always remember that animals need care and supervision; they, like people, are susceptible to many diseases. In order to prevent rabies in domestic animals, the Rules for keeping them should be followed:

within three days, register the purchased animal and report it to the veterinary station;

It is mandatory to vaccinate your pet (over 3 months old) against rabies every year; it is better to do this in the winter and spring, especially before going outdoors;

walk animals in specially equipped areas or vacant lots, take dogs outside on leashes and muzzles (this will protect the animal from possible contact with sick wild or stray animals and eliminate the possibility of your animal biting anyone);

You cannot bring dogs and cats to shops, catering and consumer services establishments, schools and preschool institutions, public buildings, parks, squares, stadiums, markets;

minors are prohibited from walking dogs of potentially dangerous breeds;

Under no circumstances should you leave or abandon your animals unattended on the streets, squares, markets, entrances and other places, including in the country.

The best way to prevent rabies in wild animals is to vaccinate them by placing baits containing the vaccine near their natural habitats.

9. Are there any treatments for rabies?

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Unfortunately, to date, a person with rabies cannot be cured. Treatment is reduced to alleviating the general condition of the patient. In this regard, the prevention of rabies becomes extremely important in the fight against this disease. It includes the fight against sources of infection (animals with rabies) and the prevention of the disease in humans.

10. What preventive measures are there if you are bitten by an animal?

All kinds of recommendations for the prevention and treatment of rabies - the destruction of enraged animals, cauterization of bitten areas in people with a hot iron - did not produce any effect. Almost every person bitten by a rabid animal was doomed to death. Until the 80s of the 19th century, people did not have a reliable means of protection against this terrible disease.

The great French scientist Louis Pasteur has the honor of creating a vaccine against rabies, which was successfully used for the first time on July 6, 1885. Then, thanks to vaccination, a boy bitten by a rabid dog was saved. And some time later, in a French village, children playing were attacked by a rabid dog. Defending them, fifteen-year-old shepherd Jean Jupille accomplished a real feat. He managed to tie the dog's face with a belt whip and kill it with his wooden shoe. But the boy's entire body was covered with wounds. Barely alive, Jean was brought to Paris. Pasteur saved the hero.

To this day, vaccinations remain the only reliable means of protecting people after being bitten by an animal sick or suspected of having rabies. These include the administration of a vaccine and, if necessary, immunoglobulin.

What you need to know about preventive vaccinations:

-if the doctor prescribed vaccinations, they should be started immediately;

- you should never skip the next vaccination;

-the course of vaccinations prescribed by the doctor must be completed in full;

-a person who is vaccinated is not dangerous to anyone;

- during vaccinations, you should not drink alcoholic beverages for 6 months after their completion; you should avoid overwork, hypothermia, and overheating.

Along with vaccinations, on the recommendation of Belarusian scientists, antibiotic prophylaxis is also carried out.

11. How to avoid being bitten or salivated by unknown animals?

Children are more likely to suffer from animal bites, so it is necessary to constantly educate them and try to avoid unnecessary contact with animals, especially wild and/or stray ones:

You should not play with unfamiliar dogs, cats and other animals; it is better to stay at a safe distance from them;

should not be picked up at the dacha, in the forest, etc. wild animals. Hedgehogs and small rodents can also carry rabies. Incorrect or inappropriate behavior of a child who, due to his age, will not be able to correctly assess the situation, can lead to aggression in any animal, especially a sick animal;

It is better not to pick up homeless stray or sick animals, but if you do, then find an opportunity to quickly vaccinate the animal and show it to a veterinarian;

You should not take an animal “for the summer holiday season”: by throwing it away, you increase the risk of rabies in the given region. It is better not to send children under 12-14 years of age to walk a dog on their own, especially if it is a large and/or aggressive breed of animal. The child may not be able to cope with it, and in the event of a non-standard situation, he may not be able to adequately explain the essence of what happened.

REMEMBER

are very dangerous .

The saliva of wolves, foxes, and raccoons is permeable and contains a large amount of virus.

But you also need to be careful with your pets.

A dog is a good friend and helper of a person, but 85% of people who sought medical help for bites suffered precisely because of improper keeping of domestic

Homeless, stray and unsupervised dogs are especially dangerous. Proper keeping of pets is one of the most important conditions for preventing rabies infection.

If you notice any changes in the animal's behavior,

Take him to your veterinarian immediately.

Rabies is a relatively rare disease, and medicine does not have the means to treat it. However, highly effective vaccines

protecting people from this disease. Therefore, after an animal bite, you should wash the injury site with soap and water, treat it with iodine tincture and consult a doctor.

Only a doctor can determine the need for vaccination. Unauthorized interruptions in vaccination, termination and reduction of the course of vaccinations prescribed by a doctor are unacceptable, because In such cases, the development of immunity is delayed and there is a risk of disease. During
vaccination, it is strictly forbidden
to drink alcoholic beverages, because alcohol reduces the body's overall resistance and often causes unsuccessful vaccinations. You should follow a normal sleep and rest schedule, spend more time in the fresh air, and it is not recommended to overwork or overcool.

Need to know

that the saliva of animals becomes infectious 10 days before the onset of the disease. Therefore, if a person is bitten by an animal, under no circumstances should he be killed within the next 10 days, i.e. the period required for veterinary observation.

If during this time the animal remains healthy, vaccinations against rabies are not carried out.

• If you are bitten by any animal, immediately contact the nearest medical facility.
• Avoid unnecessary contact with wild and stray pets.
• Timely vaccinations will protect you from rabies.
• Animals are vaccinated against rabies in all veterinary institutions free of charge.

The material was prepared by the head of the department of hygienic education I.V. Varada.

What to do if your pet is sick?

The only correct choice is to euthanize the infected individual. There are no medications or treatments in veterinary medicine that can treat rabies in cats.

The risk of contracting a dangerous disease is great not only for other animals, but also for the owner. By putting your pet to sleep, you will be able to prevent further transmission of the infection and save your pet from inevitable suffering.

The risk of contracting rabies is high not only for other animals, but also for the owner

Diagnosis of rabies in cats

If rabies is suspected, the cat should be isolated from people and other domestic animals and reported to the nearest state veterinary institution, whose specialists will tell you how to proceed. If she scratches/bites the owner and family members, you should immediately wash the wound with hot water and regular laundry soap and be sure to go to the hospital.

A test for rabies in cats is carried out after death, examining brain tissue for the presence of the virus. If this deadly disease is suspected, it is prohibited to treat the animal so as not to put the lives of veterinarians at risk.

How does a cat become infected to a person?

The routes of infection in humans are similar to the types of infection in cats.

The rabies virus is transmitted to humans through:

• Bites . Squeezing the skin, when the animal’s teeth even slightly injure the skin, allows the pathogen to penetrate the human body.
• Scratches . Cats are clean animals that constantly lick themselves. A pet, after licking its paws, can scratch its owner and thus transmit a dangerous virus to him.
• Saliva entering the mucous membrane . Owners love to kiss their cats. As a result, the saliva of an infected animal can easily enter the human body.

Information! The closer the site of infection is to the head, the faster the virus enters the body and develops more actively in it.

Signs of infection in people

There are two types of rabies in humans: violent and paralytic. The first form of the disease occurs in 3 stages: initial, middle and last.

The initial stage is characterized by:

• headache;
• decreased or lack of appetite;
• dry mouth;
• high fever;
• general weakness;
• muscle and throat pain;
• burning at the site of infection;
• slight cough;
• irritability;
• sleep disturbance.

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The duration of the first stage does not exceed 3 days.

The closer the site of infection is to the head, the faster the virus enters the body and develops more actively in it.

After this, the disease moves to the middle stage, which is characterized by:

• causeless worry and anxiety;
• convulsions;
• increased excitability;
• painful, noisy breathing;
• rabies;
• increased salivation and sweating.

During the middle stage, the infected person experiences excessive aggression. He can break furniture, throw himself at others and rush from corner to corner.

At the last stage, the patient’s psychological state improves, aggression and fear of hydrophobia disappear. But the body temperature rises sharply, cramps and muscle paralysis begin.

The patient's consciousness gradually fades away. Death occurs as a result of cardiac arrest or suffocation.

Prevention, vaccines

A reliable way to prevent rabies is to vaccinate your cat.

Initially, the vaccination is given to the pet in the first six months of life.

The second dose of the virus is administered to the animal 8 months after the initial injection. Subsequently, the vaccine is administered annually.

If a vaccinated cat comes into contact with a sick individual, it will be revaccinated prematurely and placed in quarantine. This is due to the fact that a dangerous disease can be transmitted to humans even from a vaccinated cat.

Modern rabies vaccinations are absolutely safe for cats. They do not cause allergic reactions or side effects.

For humans, the only salvation from the deadly virus is also vaccination. But it will be possible to avoid death only if the vaccine is administered to the victim immediately after the suspected infection.

Using the vaccine after the first symptoms of the disease appear will not give positive results.

Why should you contact the Mama Papa Ya clinic?

The network of family clinics “Mama Papa Ya”, whose branches are located in different districts of Moscow, provides services for the prevention of rabies through vaccination. To get vaccinated, you need to make an appointment with a therapist or pediatrician, and then get an injection there. Advantages of our clinic:

detailed consultation with a specialist before vaccination;

• the opportunity to visit an allergist for relevant diseases;
• various laboratory diagnostics;
• affordable prices and no queues.

For more detailed information, make an appointment with a specialist by phone or on our website.

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