What is a gastropanel and in what cases is it necessary?

Advantages and disadvantages

For simple surgical interventions, local anesthesia is indispensable; it has advantages over other types of sensitivity suppression. The drug that is used, an anesthetic solution, acts strictly at the injection site, which helps to avoid severe complications and adverse reactions.

The blockade of pain sensitivity develops on average in 10-15 minutes. The effect lasts for an hour or more, so local anesthesia can reduce pain in the area of ​​the postoperative wound. The patient’s consciousness does not suffer from the action of the local anesthetic, so after the manipulation he can leave the clinic and not be in the ward.

But local anesthesia has its drawbacks. Just a few years ago, it was widely used for operations on superficial tissues and extremities; methods for intravenous administration of drugs with simultaneous application of a tourniquet were developed. Intraosseous anesthesia was widely used. But due to the large number of adverse reactions and complications, these methods began to be used less frequently. And after receiving high-quality drugs for anesthesia, dangerous methods of pain relief were practically abandoned.

The disadvantage of the local method is its limited scope of application. It is effective for anesthesia of mucous membranes, skin and superficial tissues, but is not used for operations on the abdominal and pelvic organs, neck and head.

The infiltration type of local anesthesia cannot be used when operating on malignant tumors due to the possibility of tumor cells entering beyond the wound into other tissues. This increases the risk of developing metastases.

How to euthanize a cat

Pets cannot live longer than their owners, no matter how sad it may sound. Sometimes situations even arise in which it is necessary to euthanize a cat much earlier than its old age. Owners should always monitor their pets and monitor their health. If necessary, the pet owner must ensure that his cat passes into another world absolutely painlessly, without torment and incredible suffering. Sometimes euthanasia becomes a necessity, so this procedure should be trusted only to a real specialist.

When to euthanize a cat

Euthanasia of cats is not a crime under the law, which is why even pets can die easily and calmly. Currently, many of their owners decide to do this, because this procedure is the most humane of all other methods. Even if the owner himself dreamed that his pet would live as long as possible, sometimes euthanasia has to be done.

Naturally, at the whim of the owner, euthanasia is not carried out. If an animal has lost hearing or vision, goes to the toilet in the wrong place, or the owner is simply tired of it, no one will perform euthanasia. To euthanize a pet, there must be quite significant indicators. If, after all, the owner intends to carry out this procedure, then he must approach this decision with all responsibility.

You should definitely go to a good clinic and find a real specialist there. It is veterinarians who carry out all the necessary diagnostics and examination of the animal, and then decide on the need for euthanasia. Only if the clinic is equipped with all the equipment and devices will a specialist be able to correctly diagnose and make the right decision.

For what diseases should a cat be euthanized at home?

Pets are often euthanized if they are sick with diseases that are terrible and incurable. If a veterinarian discovers the following diseases in a cat, then euthanasia becomes a mandatory procedure.

Anthropozoonoses are diseases that can affect both people and animals. The body is affected by various infectious microorganisms. There are quite a large number of them, not all of them are curable and require mandatory euthanasia of the cat.

Of course, if a pet is diagnosed with rabies, then it is necessary to urgently euthanize the animal and report quarantine to the state health service.

Leptospirosis also poses a great danger, because at the very beginning of the disease, humans and animals do not have any symptoms. However, later death may even occur.

In some cases, beloved animals suffer from the disease for a long time and experience unspeakable suffering as a result. Sometimes no medications help, and it is difficult to reduce the pain of a pet. This could be cancer in the last stage, because metastases rapidly affect vital organs and do not allow the cat to live normally. It can also be kidney failure, which causes swelling of the brain and death.

If the veterinarian informed the owner about the cat’s incurable disease, and the owner does not notice the animal’s suffering, then you should not think that everything is in order. Usually cats do not show that something is wrong with them; they simply hide in secluded places and experience pain all alone.

Abnormalities at birth and trauma may also be reasons why a cat should be euthanized at home. If an animal falls from a great height, injuries can affect organs important to the pet’s life, so the body stops functioning as it should.

It should be realized that euthanasia can only be carried out in cases where the injuries really cannot be cured, due to which the cat is in great pain and suffering. If the injury can be cured even through surgical or expensive intervention, then no doctor will undertake to euthanize a cat at home. Even if the animal becomes disabled, it will still be able to exist normally and continue to love its owner.

If the veterinarian makes a disappointing diagnosis and recommends euthanizing the cat, then it is better to go to several more specialists who can confirm the diagnosis. Sometimes you come across unprofessional doctors who simply do not know how the animal can be cured, and therefore recommend euthanizing the cat at home. Many simply do not have the necessary qualifications in this matter; they can take the life of a practically healthy pet.

If the owner turned to a general veterinarian, this does not mean that he knows perfectly well about all diseases and methods of treating them. If the doctor diagnoses cancer, it is recommended to contact a professional oncologist so that he can confirm the previously made diagnosis. Well, only a neurologist can reliably determine spinal injuries. It is also often recommended to euthanize a cat at home by specialists who initially began to treat the pet incorrectly and now cannot stop the development of the disease.

Euthanasia of a cat at home is now a very common procedure, because it is absolutely painless and can save the unfortunate pet from suffering. Euthanasia involves two stages. First, the cat is given general anesthesia so that it can no longer understand or feel anything. Well, after this, specialized drugs are introduced into the blood, which allow the animal to end its life. You should never agree to a euthanasia procedure without using anesthesia, because in this case the cat will understand what is happening to it, suffer and believe that its beloved owner turned out to be a traitor.

If the owner of the animal clearly understands that euthanasia is necessary, then it is better to do everything possible to ensure that the pet feels comfortable in the last minutes of its life. Therefore, it is worth contacting specialists and ordering a cat euthanization service at home. A specialist will come to the owner at any time convenient for him and carry out all the necessary manipulations. Under no circumstances should you carry out this procedure yourself. You cannot find medications for euthanizing a cat in any pharmacy, because each of them requires a veterinarian’s prescription. And even if the medicines are already on hand, then without special qualifications it will be impossible to carry out euthanasia in a humane manner. The cat will certainly suffer from the inexperience of its owner, and the owner will never be able to forgive himself for what he has done.

It is necessary to euthanize a cat at home so that the animal can see its familiar surroundings in the last minutes of its life, so that it does not think about anything bad. Also, do not forget that after death, something will need to be done with the pet’s body. At the clinic, you can immediately order the removal of the body and its cremation, and then even take the urn with the ashes of your beloved cat to your home.

How is euthanasia carried out?

It is possible to euthanize a cat in two stages. First, the pet is immersed in a deep narcotic unconsciousness. The veterinarian administers a drug that takes effect within one minute. After this, the doctor must check how deeply the animal has gone into anesthesia and checks for the presence of basic reflexes. Only in their absence can the doctor proceed to continue the procedure. Another drug is injected into the body, which stops the cat's breathing and brain function. Then the doctor is again obliged to check all reflexes and determine the time of death. The specialist cannot leave the animal until he is absolutely sure that it has really passed away.

After a death has been recorded, the owner must choose what to do with the body:

• bury the cat in a specialized cemetery for pets;
• bury in your own plot;
• order an animal cremation procedure;
• send the body to a specialized facility for disposal.

You should carefully monitor the cat’s lifestyle and its state of health, because only with good care of your pet will you be able to enjoy life with it for many years and not even think about the euthanasia procedure. But if this does happen, then you shouldn’t be too upset, because the specialists will do everything in the best possible way, and the owner will not feel pangs of conscience in front of his pet.

Types of local anesthesia

Several types of local anesthesia are used in surgical practice, but some of them already have historical significance. The main methods of pain relief are the following:

• superficial anesthesia - pain sensitivity is suppressed after the anesthetic comes into contact with the surface of the tissue, most often used to anesthetize the mucous membranes. The anesthetic solution is applied by lubrication or irrigation, the effect lasts for 10 minutes;
• infiltration anesthesia - anesthesia by impregnation, or infiltration of tissue layers with a local anesthetic. The technique allows you to control the depth and width of the drug injection, depending on the intended incision. The medicine is injected carefully first into the subcutaneous area until the lemon peel effect appears, then the needle is gradually moved inward and an additional dose of the drug is injected;
• anesthesia according to Vishnevsky is an improved version of the infiltration method. A weak anesthetic solution is injected layer by layer under high pressure. A tight creeping infiltrate forms in the tissues. It spreads through the interfascial spaces and disrupts the conduction of impulses along the nerves passing through them. After cutting the wound, the liquid gradually flows out of the wound, so there is no risk of its absorption into the systemic circulation and the development of toxic reactions;
• conduction anesthesia is the essence of the method in anesthetizing a specific area of ​​the body innervated by the nerve trunk. An anesthetic drug is injected into the tissue around the nerve; the technique is used for operations on the limbs;
• spinal anesthesia - the analgesic effect is achieved by injecting an anesthetic drug under the choroid of the spinal cord, the main place of drug administration is the lumbar region, and pain sensitivity in the pelvic organs and lower extremities disappears. But tactile sensitivity does not suffer;
• epidural anesthesia is a type of anesthesia in which a local anesthetic is injected into the space over the dura mater of the spinal cord, and a puncture is also performed in the lumbar region. Sensitivity is lost after 15-20 minutes, but the effect lasts for 3-4 hours. The use of this type of anesthesia allows you to resume activity early after surgery;
• bone anesthesia is a type of anesthesia in which an anesthetic solution is injected into spongy bone. Currently, it is practically not used; previously it was used for operations on the limbs.

What is the process of euthanizing an animal?

When there is a need to euthanize a cat in a clinic, the cost of the procedure should be the least of the owner’s worries. Here it is much more important to choose a good veterinary hospital where competent specialists work. First, the doctor will examine the animal, make a diagnosis and express an opinion regarding the advisability of the euthanasia procedure. Perhaps the cat can still be cured.

If the doctor, after an examination, agreed to euthanasia, it is better not to rush into carrying out this manipulation. It is worth showing your favorite to several more specialists and hearing their opinion. After all, sometimes one doctor recommends euthanizing, while another can prescribe effective treatment, after which the animal will be cured and live for more than one year. You should fight for the life of your pet to the last. Before you find out how much it costs to euthanize a cat in a veterinary clinic, you should understand how such a procedure is carried out.

Humane euthanasia involves the following actions by a veterinarian:

• Putting a cat under anesthesia. A certain dose of a sedative is administered intravenously. This may be sodium thiopental, sodium hydroxydione succinate, propofol. After 3-4 minutes, the same drugs are administered again, but intramuscularly. The animal soon falls asleep after the injection. The veterinarian checks the depth of anesthesia and only then moves on to the next stage.
• The introduction of a sedative drug that stops all vital functions: stops breathing, heartbeat, and stops brain function. Stronger medications are used at this stage. For example, lidocaine, magnesium sulfate, ketamine, dithiline. Only the doctor decides which drug to administer. When the vital functions of all organs of the cat are stopped, the veterinarian declares death.

The entire process takes no more than 20 minutes. You can, of course, carry out euthanasia at home. To do this, you should invite a veterinarian to your home. When deciding to euthanize a cat at home, the price will be higher than in a veterinary hospital. Because you will have to pay extra for calling a specialist. But it will be better for the animal. Because transportation to the hospital, especially by public transport, is stressful and can only make things worse for the cat.

On the other hand, euthanizing an animal at home is much more difficult. Because the pet will feel the owner’s anxiety and excitement, become tense, and may begin to panic. And it will be worse for the owner himself. While in the apartment where euthanasia was carried out, unpleasant memories associated with the death of the animal will constantly appear. Of course, where to carry out such manipulation is up to the owner to decide. But if there are children in the family, then it is advisable to refuse euthanasia at home.

Sometimes there are cases when you need to euthanize a cat for a while. For example, if it is necessary to carry out hygiene procedures. Veterinarians strongly discourage the use of potent barbiturates or anesthetics in this case. Because even a minimal overdose can cause death.

To calm the furry beauty, it is better to use sedatives. You can buy a special medicine - put the cat to sleep at home for a while and carry out the necessary hygiene procedure. But it is not advisable to choose the drug yourself. The product must be recommended by a veterinarian. Doctors in veterinary hospitals usually use the following hypnotic drugs: Vetranquil, Rometar, Propofol. But using such medications on your own is extremely dangerous. For use at home, Stop Stress for cats or Kot-Bayun are more suitable. Read more about sedatives here.

Preparations for local anesthesia

Local anesthetics are drugs from the group of neurotropic drugs that completely or partially block the flow of signals along nerve fibers from the site of painful manipulation or surgery to the central parts of the nervous system.

The peculiarity of the action of drugs is related to their spectrum of action. They suppress the transmission of signals along myelinated type A nerve fibers, which transmit feelings of pain, smell, and temperature. Tactile sensations are carried out through type B fibers, and anesthetics do not affect them. Therefore, when using local anesthesia, the patient does not feel pain, but feels the touch of the doctor and the surgical instrument.

Local anesthetic drugs are divided into 3 groups depending on the duration of action:

• short-acting - the effect lasts 30-50 minutes, these include Novocain;
• average duration - up to 90 minutes, these are drugs Lidocaine, Trimecaine, Ultracaine;
• long-acting – the effect lasts more than 90 minutes, typical for Bupivacaine.

Local anesthetic drugs affect the electrochemical processes of ion exchange in nerve endings. Medicines work effectively in an alkaline environment and tissues rich in lipids, which include nerves. But the analgesic effect decreases with severe tissue inflammation, which is associated with a transition of pH to the acidic side.

The effect of local anesthetics is enhanced by drugs that affect vascular tone. Therefore, they are often combined with adrenaline to prolong the effect. This allows you to reduce the dose of pain medication and avoid toxic reactions.

What is operated under local anesthesia in mammology?

The mammary glands are located superficially, they do not have muscles and large nerve trunks. Breast tissue is loosely located; in young women, glandular tissue predominates, which is replaced by fatty tissue with age. Therefore, for numerous manipulations and operations, local anesthesia can be used.

In mammology, anesthesia is used to perform invasive diagnostics, which include breast tissue biopsy. To do this, a local anesthetic is injected with a thin needle into the area of ​​the intended puncture. After 10-15 minutes, the doctor can take breast tissue for examination without fear of causing pain to the patient.

Local infiltration anesthesia in mammology is used for small, minimally invasive operations. A woman can undergo puncture of a breast cyst after preliminary infiltration anesthesia. A similar approach can be used when removing small benign breast tumors.

In men, anesthesia is used during surgery for type 1 gynecomastia, when the size of the gland is still small. Infiltration of tissues increases hydrostatic pressure in them, thanks to which the doctor can easily separate pathological tissues from healthy ones.

When is euthanasia necessary?

Some cat owners are of the opinion that euthanasia is a crime. Others consider it quite humane. After all, if an animal is suffering and it is impossible to help it, then it is better to save it from suffering through euthanasia. Naturally, no sane veterinarian will carry out the procedure of euthanizing a cat unless there is a compelling reason to do so. Euthanasia is a last resort. And they resort to it only in emergency situations.

Euthanasia is necessary if the animal has:

1. Incurable disease.
2. Zooanthroposis. This is a dangerous infection that leads to death. For example, foot and mouth disease, anthrax, tuberculosis, leptospirosis, trypanosomiasis, etc. This also includes rabies in cats.
3. Oncology.
4. Fatal injury.
5. Congenital pathology that is incompatible with life.

Is it painful to do local infiltration anesthesia?

When performing anesthesia, a standard disposable syringe with a thin needle is used. Whether local anesthesia is painful depends on your general pain threshold. The patient feels the moment of the first puncture of the skin and a slight feeling of fullness when the drug is administered. After the medication begins to act, sensitivity disappears. The doctor checks how effective the injection is by tapping the skin. In response, there is a feeling that the injection site has become woody.

After the end of anesthesia, sensitivity gradually increases, and a slight tingling sensation may appear. If anesthesia was performed for surgery, pain in the wound area begins to bother you, which can be reduced with the help of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.

In what case do you need to get tested for a gastropanel?

• If you suspect a vitamin B12 deficiency
• If you have relatives suffering from gastrointestinal cancer
• If you have a difficult to diagnose gastrointestinal disease
• If FGDS (endoscopic diagnostics) is contraindicated for you
• If you have loss of appetite, stomach discomfort or pain, heaviness or bloating

A gastroenterologist should prescribe the test for you. You should not prescribe tests for yourself. This is not always necessary.

Contraindications for local anesthesia

Local infiltration anesthesia is a relatively safe method of pain relief. But to reduce risks during and after surgery, it is necessary to take into account contraindications to the use of the method. The main ones are the following:

• allergy to anesthetic - if earlier during dental treatment under local anesthesia an allergy to an anesthetic appeared, then during breast surgery the effect will repeat, and may be more pronounced, up to anaphylactic shock;
• psychomotor agitation and mental illness, reaction to the administration of an anesthetic and the surgical procedure itself can cause unpredictable behavior of the patient;
• during operations on malignant tumors - when infiltration anesthesia does not allow compliance with the ablastic rule;
• during long operations that require the use of microsurgical equipment;
• during interventions on areas of the body with a pronounced vascular network, for example, on the neck.

If local anesthesia is contraindicated, general anesthesia is preferred.

Contraindications for analysis

The cocktail that you drink after the first blood draw includes dry products such as milk, eggs, chocolate, soy. If you are allergic to any of these products, be sure to inform your gastroenterologist so that you can replace the cocktail with one that is safe for your specific case.

At the Health Center you can take a gastropanel test and get results in the shortest possible time. Before taking the tests, make an appointment with a gastroenterologist and discuss all the nuances with him, tell him what worries you, and get professional advice with a thorough examination.

Don't put off treatment until later. Abdominal pain may be a signal of the development of a serious pathology of the gastrointestinal tract.